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There's no denying that the Young Adult (YA) market is one of the hottest book markets of the last decade. Kicked off by the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling and followed by the more genre-defining stories of the Twilight (Stephane Meyers) and Hunger Games (Suzanne Collins) series, YA is talked about in all the writing circles (probably even the literati, where it's no doubt derided for being mind-mush and the cause of much of our youths' social problems). Everyone in the industry either loves it, hates it, or want to write it.
It it not within the scope of this post to discuss the merits and negatives of the YA genre. As a recent writer and, by extension, reader of YA, I'm here to discus some observations I've had regarding a specific aspect of the genre, namely, parents. I may discuss other aspects in future posts, but parents is where I'll start because, love'em or leave'em, parents are a big influence on any teens life.
The first thing you should know about YA is that there are no hard and fast rules. While the genre has some tropes that seem guarenteed blockbusters, it is too early to tell whether they will continue. My guess is that, like our young themselves, the genre will constantly and quickly continue to evolve and what is a blockbuster today will be passee in a decade. Or less. For this reason, you need to make your own opinion on what I'm saying based on your own reading, and your own decision on how to approach your novel, if you're a writer. What I will do here is provide you with what seem to be current trends and rules, specifically regarding the existence of parents in YA stories, how to deal with them and what it means to the story. After all, you must know the rules before you can break them.
With that said, let's move on to Parents in YA or, The Parent Trap.
Why The Parent Trap? because contrary to what teens may think, the presence or absence of parents has a vitally imporant influence on the them. It affects everything from their economic status and health (mental and physical), and therefore what resources they have at hand, to their curfews and dress codes. In writing terms, what they can and can't do without conflict, in the literary sense.
Since conflict is the heart of any story, and parents are major gatekeepers for a teen's access to conflict, it's vitally imporant that the author decides how to use the parents in the story. For example, a teen who's parents give them everything and constantly bail them out from all trouble will have an entirely different set of conflicts from the teen who's parents don't pay any attention to them or argue all the time with them.
Essentially, the level of control or permissiveness of the parents' influences, is chosen to support the type of story. As a general rule, the more fantastical a story, the less the need or desire for the parents to be around in a supporting role (however, there still seems to be a lot of room in the genre for parents to be direct villains, but it would have to be done well so as not to seem farcicle). Whereas, the more literary or mundane a story, the more persistance and direct influence the parents are likely to have.
Of course, while it might be obvious, it bares mentioning that the parent becomes a plot device for creating, but never resolving conflict. These are YA stories and the teen MUST be directly instrumental in the final plot resolution, perhaps even despite the parents.
This same rule applies to all other adults in the story. As a general rule, adults are (1) usually the villains, (2) occassional helpful, but (3) commonly, a hinderance to the YA protagonist.
Here are a few general considerations and means for dealing with parents and adults in a YA story. Each has been used in popular novels, in some cases multiple techniques have been used (see especially Metawars 1.0, Jeff Norton).
Death
A very common way of removing one or more parents from the story is through their deaths, either when the protagonist was born, or shortly before the story. Usually such a death relates directly to the story's plot. The death of Harry Potter's parents at the hands of his mortal enemy Voldemort are probably the most well-known deaths of any characters in a children's/YA series. Their deaths set the stage for Harry's entire life. Not only forcing him to live with his nasty muggle in-laws, but setting up his role in the prophecy and creating a connection between him and Voldemort. His mother's sacrifice even posthumously saved him from Voldemort's minion when getting the philospher's stone.
Disappearance
Parental dissappearance is obviously not as final as death, and therefore it always leave open the possibility of return. It's nature leads to multiple possible plot uses.
One example would be separation of the parents such that the protagonist lives with only one. The effect would be a potentially strained relationship with the remaining parent (and perhaps the distant one also, depending on authorial wishes) as the single parent struggles to cope with all the necessities of the household, job, and teen.
Another example would be a straight-out disappearance of the parent for no apparent reason, as in the movie Jumper (Stephen Gould). In this case, the mother's disappearance when the protagonist was five, related directly to his burgeoning powers and the overall story (although only in a small way to the plot of that particular movie). This is also used in the Gone series, where all adults (indeed everyone over 15) simply vanishes. The most obvious use of this device in plot would be the creation of a mystery surrounding the disappearance (in addition, of course, to following the characters through their experience of immediately needing to grow up to survive). More literary uses could be in the exploration of the emotional effects on such a teen.
As mentioned, the major difference between parent death and disappearance, is that the latter can leave the reader with hope for a future reunion between protagonist and parent. The author needs be aware of this, and not forget to resolve the disappearance (in which ever direction they choose) or they may fail in fulfilling their 'contract' with the reader.
Incapacitation
A YA writer can call on incapacitation to take some adults out of the picture. There are strong and weak ways of doing this. If the adult is incapacitated from the start of the story and it plays to the plot, it is a strong method. Why is the adult incapacitated? What effect does it have on the teen? How can the teen live with or perhaps resolve the incapacitation? Unfortunately, it's far too common to read examples of adult incapacitation immediately before a climactic sequence. In this instance, it feels very much like a weak authorial device. I would personally recommend trying to avoid the latter example unless you put a lot of thought into it.
Imprisonment
Similar to incapacitation, imprisonment can be a major plot device--i.e. a wrongfully imprisioned parent. Or it can be used simply to remove characters from the plot (as in Metawars 1.0). Unless done very well, it is something best left to use on minor characters that most readers won't worry about. Or the author risks the same problem as with incapacitation.
Frequent Interaction (Persistant Parents)
An example of a frequent interaction might be a parent who teaches at the main character's school. This is a challenging situation for both parent and teen, and the parent will undoubtedly have made their own rules on how they intend to interact with their teen in order to avoid either coming down too hard on them or, equally important, to avoid the appearance of favouritism. Either case would commonly cause a teen to rebel more strongly against the parent unless there is an incredibly powerful bond at home. The teen, however, may not understand this, or even resent it.
In John Green's A Fault In Our Stars, the parents are persistent, after a fasion, and can be downright creepy in their niceness. It is necessary, as the protagonist has terminal lung cancer and requires regular attention in addition to omniprevalent oxygen canisters. So the parents are clearly doing the best they can to manage their own emotions while dealing with this situation, and it shows us something of their own characters and internal conflicts.
So there are many types of persistent parents, and therefore many uses for them in a story. Each
has a reason, and consequences to the character and story.
Mix and Match as Neccessary
Now that you have some idea of the necessary considerations and options for dealing with parents, and generally supportive adults, in a YA story, feel free to mix, match, or play with the 'rules' as you see fit. It's only important to realize the natural consequences of the parent-teen relationship you decide because regardless of the subgenre, that is the one thing that must feel real to the reader. And remember, the beauty of YA at the moment, is that it's a genre full of experimentation.
As one example, Metawars 1.0 by Jeff Norton used 5 different methods for removing parents and other helpful adults from the picture so that only the teen protagonists remained for the climax. (1) Five years before the story, the protagonist's father was killed in plot related events, (2) his mother was later killed during the story, (3) his father was later resurrected in an incapacitated form to provide limited help, (4) other helpful adults were either imprisoned or (5) incapacitated to pave the way for the protagonist to shine during the story's climax.
Whichever method you use, I hope this has prepared you to think through the plot consequences and how it will affect the teen protagonist. Keep writing!
Suggested Reading
Twilight - Stephanie Meyers
The Hunger Games - Suzanne Collins
Little Brother - Cory Doctorow (available as free e-book, or in print, published by Tor)
For The Win - Cory Doctorow (available as free e-book, or in print, published by Tor)
A Fault In Our Stars - John Green
Harry Potter series - J.K.Rowling
Gone -Michael Grant
MetaWars 1.0 - Jeff Norton
Pretties - Scott Westerfeld
Jumper - 2008 movie (also, the 1992 book by Stephen Gould, although it has significant differences in plot)
Consider the role of parents / adults as you read these novels, and practice what you learn in your own writing.
Insight and longevity.
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